Mphamvu, monga maziko a chitukuko cha anthu, nthawi zonse zakhala zikugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Ndi chitsimikizo chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pamodzi ndi madzi, mpweya, ndi chakudya, zimakhala zofunikira kuti anthu apulumuke ndipo zimakhudza mwachindunji miyoyo ya anthu.

Kukula kwa makampani opanga mphamvu kwasintha kwambiri kawiri kuyambira nthawi ya "nthawi" ya nkhuni kupita ku nthawi ya "nthawi" ya malasha, kenako kuchokera ku "nthawi" ya malasha kupita ku "nthawi" ya mafuta. Tsopano kwayamba kusintha kuchoka ku "nthawi" ya mafuta kupita ku "nthawi" ya kusintha kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso.

Kuyambira malasha monga gwero lalikulu kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 mpaka mafuta monga gwero lalikulu pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya zinthu zakale pamlingo waukulu kwa zaka zoposa 200. Komabe, kapangidwe ka mphamvu yapadziko lonse kolamulidwa ndi mphamvu ya zinthu zakale sikupangitsa kuti ikhale kutali kwambiri ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya zinthu zakale.

Zinthu zitatu zonyamula mphamvu zakale zomwe zimayimiridwa ndi malasha, mafuta ndi gasi wachilengedwe zidzatha mofulumira m'zaka za zana latsopanoli, ndipo pakugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuyaka, zidzayambitsanso kutentha kwa dziko, kupanga zinthu zambiri zoipitsa chilengedwe, ndikuipitsa chilengedwe.

Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa kudalira mphamvu zakale, kusintha kapangidwe ka mphamvu kosamveka bwino komwe kulipo, ndikufunafuna mphamvu zatsopano zongowonjezedwanso zomwe sizikuipitsidwa.

Pakadali pano, mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya mphepo, mphamvu ya haidrojeni, mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphamvu ya biomass, mphamvu ya mafunde ndi mphamvu ya geothermal, ndi zina zotero, ndipo mphamvu ya mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi malo ofufuzira padziko lonse lapansi.

Komabe, n’kovutabe kupeza njira yabwino yosinthira ndi kusungira magwero osiyanasiyana a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwagwiritsa ntchito bwino.

Pankhaniyi, kuti anthu agwiritse ntchito bwino mphamvu zatsopano zongowonjezwdwa, ndikofunikira kupanga ukadaulo watsopano wosungira mphamvu, womwe ndi malo otchuka kwambiri mu kafukufuku wamakono wa chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Pakadali pano, mabatire a lithiamu-ion, omwe ndi amodzi mwa mabatire achiwiri ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi, mayendedwe, ndege ndi zina. , mwayi woti zinthu zichitike ndi wovuta kwambiri.

Kapangidwe kake ka sodium ndi lithiamu ndi kofanana, ndipo kamasunga mphamvu. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, kufalikira kofanana kwa sodium, komanso mtengo wotsika, imagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo waukulu wosungira mphamvu, womwe uli ndi mawonekedwe otsika mtengo komanso ogwira ntchito bwino.

Zipangizo zabwino ndi zoyipa za ma electrode a mabatire a sodium ion zimaphatikizapo ma compounds achitsulo osinthika okhala ndi zigawo, ma polyanions, ma phosphates achitsulo osinthika, ma nanoparticles a core-shell, ma compounds achitsulo, hard carbon, ndi zina zotero.

Popeza ndi chinthu chokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zosungiramo zinthu, kaboni ndi wotchipa komanso wosavuta kupeza, ndipo wadziwika kwambiri ngati chinthu chopangira anode cha mabatire a sodium-ion.

Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa graphitization, zinthu za kaboni zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: graphite carbon ndi amorphous carbon.

Mpweya wolimba, womwe uli m'gulu la mpweya wosasinthasintha, uli ndi mphamvu yosungira sodium ya 300mAh/g, pomwe zinthu za kaboni zokhala ndi graphitization yapamwamba zimakhala zovuta kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalonda chifukwa cha malo awo akuluakulu komanso dongosolo lawo lamphamvu.

Chifukwa chake, zinthu zosakhala za graphite hard carbon zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa kafukufuku wothandiza.

Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a zinthu za anode pamabatire a sodium-ion, mphamvu ya hydrophilicity ndi conductivity ya zinthu za kaboni zitha kukulitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ion doping kapena compounding, zomwe zingathandize kusungira mphamvu ya zinthu za kaboni.

Monga zinthu zotsutsana ndi ma electrode a batri ya sodium ion, zinthu zachitsulo makamaka ndi ma carbide achitsulo okhala ndi magawo awiri ndi ma nitride. Kuwonjezera pa makhalidwe abwino a zinthu zokhala ndi magawo awiri, sizingosunga ma ayoni a sodium pongowonjezera ndi kusakaniza, komanso zimaphatikizidwa ndi sodium. Kuphatikiza kwa ma ayoni kumapanga capacitance kudzera mu zochita za mankhwala kuti asunge mphamvu, motero kumathandizira kwambiri kusungira mphamvu.

Chifukwa cha mtengo wokwera komanso kuvutika kupeza zinthu zachitsulo, zinthu za kaboni zikadali zinthu zazikulu za anode zamabatire a sodium-ion.

Kukwera kwa ma compounds achitsulo osinthika okhala ndi zigawo ziwiri kumachitika pambuyo poti graphene yapezeka. Pakadali pano, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabatire a sodium-ion zimaphatikizapo NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, ndi zina zotero.

Zipangizo za ma electrode a polyanionic positive zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma electrode a lithiamu-ion battery positive, ndipo pambuyo pake zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mabatire a sodium-ion. Zipangizo zofunika kwambiri zimaphatikizapo makristalo a olivine monga NaMnPO4 ndi NaFePO4.

Phosphate yachitsulo chosinthira poyamba inkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chabwino cha electrode m'mabatire a lithiamu-ion. Njira yopangira zinthu ndi yokhwima ndipo pali mapangidwe ambiri a kristalo.

Phosphate, monga kapangidwe ka magawo atatu, imapanga kapangidwe ka chimango chomwe chingathandize kuti ayoni a sodium asamalowe m'malo mwake komanso kuti ayoni a sodium azilumikizana, kenako imapeza mabatire a sodium-ion omwe ali ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yosungira mphamvu.

Kapangidwe ka chipolopolo chapakati ndi mtundu watsopano wa zinthu za anode zamabatire a sodium-ion zomwe zangoyamba kumene m'zaka zaposachedwa. Kutengera ndi zinthu zoyambirira, zinthuzi zapanga kapangidwe kopanda kanthu kudzera mu kapangidwe kake kabwino kwambiri.

Zipangizo zodziwika bwino za kapangidwe ka chipolopolo chapakati ndi monga ma nanocubes a cobalt selenide, ma nanospheres a Fe-N co-doped core-shell sodium vanadate, ma nanospheres a porous carbon hollow tin oxide ndi ma nanospheres ena opanda kanthu.

Chifukwa cha makhalidwe ake abwino kwambiri, pamodzi ndi kapangidwe kake kamene kali ndi dzenje komanso kokhala ndi mabowo, mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi zimaonekera ku electrolyte, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, zimathandizanso kwambiri kuyenda kwa ma ion a electrolyte kuti akwaniritse kusunga mphamvu moyenera.

Mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso padziko lonse lapansi zikupitirira kukwera, zomwe zikulimbikitsa chitukuko cha ukadaulo wosungira mphamvu.

Pakadali pano, malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosungira mphamvu, zitha kugawidwa m'magulu osungira mphamvu zakuthupi ndi osungira mphamvu zamagetsi.

Kusunga mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi kumakwaniritsa miyezo yopangidwa ndi ukadaulo watsopano wosungira mphamvu masiku ano chifukwa cha ubwino wake wotetezeka kwambiri, mtengo wotsika, kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta, komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.

Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi, magwero amagetsi osungira mphamvu zamagetsi akuphatikizapo ma supercapacitors, mabatire a lead-acid, mabatire amagetsi amafuta, mabatire a nickel-metal hydride, mabatire a sodium-sulfur, ndi mabatire a lithiamu-ion.

Mu ukadaulo wosungira mphamvu, zipangizo zosinthika za ma electrode zakopa chidwi cha asayansi ambiri chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kosiyanasiyana, kusinthasintha, mtengo wotsika, komanso mawonekedwe ake oteteza chilengedwe.

Zipangizo za kaboni zimakhala ndi kukhazikika kwapadera kwa thermochemical, kuyendetsa bwino magetsi, mphamvu zambiri, komanso mphamvu zachilendo zamakanika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale ma electrode abwino kwambiri pamabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi mabatire a sodium-ion.

Ma Supercapacitor amatha kuchajidwa mwachangu komanso kutulutsidwa m'malo omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo amakhala ndi moyo wozungulira wopitilira nthawi 100,000. Ndi mtundu watsopano wamagetsi apadera osungira mphamvu zamagetsi pakati pa ma capacitor ndi mabatire.

Ma Supercapacitor ali ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso mphamvu zambiri, koma mphamvu zawo zimakhala zochepa, amatha kudzitulutsa okha, ndipo amatha kutaya ma electrolyte akagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika.

Ngakhale kuti selo yamagetsi yamafuta ili ndi makhalidwe monga osachaja, mphamvu yayikulu, mphamvu yayikulu komanso mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, kutentha kwake kogwira ntchito, mtengo wake wokwera, komanso mphamvu yochepa yosinthira mphamvu zimapangitsa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha ngati ikugulitsidwa.

Mabatire a lead-acid ali ndi ubwino wa mtengo wotsika, ukadaulo wokhwima, komanso chitetezo champhamvu, ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo osungira zizindikiro, njinga zamagetsi, magalimoto, ndi malo osungira mphamvu zamagetsi. Mabatani afupiafupi monga kuipitsa chilengedwe sangakwaniritse zofunikira ndi miyezo yokwera kwambiri ya mabatire osungira mphamvu.

Mabatire a Ni-MH ali ndi makhalidwe monga kusinthasintha kwamphamvu, mphamvu yochepa ya ma calories, mphamvu yayikulu ya monomer, komanso mawonekedwe okhazikika otulutsa, koma kulemera kwawo ndi kwakukulu, ndipo pali mavuto ambiri pakuwongolera mndandanda wa mabatire, zomwe zingayambitse kusungunuka kwa ma batire olekanitsa mabatire amodzi.