Mphamvu, monga maziko a chitukuko cha anthu, zakhala zikugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri.Ndi chitsimikizo chofunikira kwambiri pa chitukuko cha anthu.Pamodzi ndi madzi, mpweya, ndi chakudya, zimapanga mikhalidwe yofunikira kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo ndipo imakhudza mwachindunji moyo wa munthu..

Kukula kwa mafakitale amphamvu kwakhala ndi masinthidwe aakulu aŵiri kuchokera ku “nyengo” ya nkhuni kufika ku “nyengo” ya malasha, ndiyeno kuchoka ku “nyengo” ya malasha kupita ku “nyengo” ya mafuta.Tsopano yayamba kusintha kuchokera ku "nyengo" ya mafuta kupita ku "nyengo" ya kusintha kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa.

Kuyambira malasha monga gwero lalikulu kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 mpaka mafuta monga gwero lalikulu lazaka zapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri zakufa kwa zaka zoposa 200.Komabe, mphamvu yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi mphamvu ya zinthu zakale imapangitsa kuti isakhalenso kutali ndi kutha kwa mphamvu zakufa.

The atatu chikhalidwe mphamvu zonyamulira mphamvu chuma zonyamulira ndi malasha, mafuta ndi gasi zachilengedwe adzakhala wotopa mofulumira m'zaka za zana latsopano, ndipo m'kati ntchito ndi kuyaka, zidzachititsanso wowonjezera kutentha zotsatira, kupanga kuchuluka kwa zoipitsa, ndi kuipitsa. chilengedwe.

Choncho, m'pofunika kuchepetsa kudalira mphamvu za zinthu zakale, kusintha mphamvu zomwe zilipo kale, ndi kufunafuna mphamvu zatsopano zongowonjezedwanso zaukhondo komanso zopanda kuipitsidwa.

Pakali pano, mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso makamaka zikuphatikizapo mphamvu ya mphepo, mphamvu ya haidrojeni, mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphamvu ya biomass, mphamvu ya mafunde ndi mphamvu ya geothermal, ndi zina zotero, ndipo mphamvu ya mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndizomwe zikuchitika panopa pa kafukufuku padziko lonse lapansi.

Komabe, zimakhala zovuta kuti tikwaniritse kutembenuka koyenera komanso kusungirako magwero osiyanasiyana amphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito moyenera.

Pamenepa, kuti tizindikire kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu zatsopano zongowonjezwdwa ndi anthu, m'pofunika kupanga luso lamakono losungiramo mphamvu, lomwe liri lotentha kwambiri pa kafukufuku wamakono.

Pakalipano, mabatire a lithiamu-ion, monga imodzi mwa mabatire apamwamba kwambiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi, zoyendera, zamlengalenga ndi zina., ziyembekezo za chitukuko zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.

Zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala za sodium ndi lithiamu ndizofanana, ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu zosungirako mphamvu.Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, kugawa yunifolomu ya gwero la sodium, ndi mtengo wotsika, amagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo waukulu wosungira mphamvu, womwe uli ndi mawonekedwe otsika mtengo komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba.

Zinthu zabwino komanso zoyipa zama elekitirodi zamabatire a sodium ion amaphatikiza zitsulo zosinthika, polyanions, transition metal phosphates, core-chipolopolo nanoparticles, mankhwala achitsulo, carbon hard, etc.

Monga chinthu chokhala ndi nkhokwe zambiri m'chilengedwe, mpweya ndi wotchipa komanso wosavuta kuupeza, ndipo wadziwika kwambiri ngati anode material ya mabatire a sodium-ion.

Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa graphitization, zida za kaboni zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: graphic carbon ndi amorphous carbon.

Mpweya wovuta, womwe ndi wa carbon amorphous, umasonyeza mphamvu yosungiramo sodium ya 300mAh / g, pamene zipangizo za carbon zomwe zimakhala ndi digiri yapamwamba ya graphitization zimakhala zovuta kukumana ndi ntchito zamalonda chifukwa cha malo awo akuluakulu komanso dongosolo lamphamvu.

Chifukwa chake, zinthu zopanda graphite zolimba za kaboni zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakufufuza kothandiza.

Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito azinthu za anode zamabatire a sodium-ion, hydrophilicity ndi ma conductivity a zinthu za carbon zitha kusinthidwa ndi ion doping kapena kuphatikiza, zomwe zitha kupititsa patsogolo kusungirako mphamvu kwa zida za carbon.

Monga ma elekitirodi zoipa za sodium ion batire, zitsulo mankhwala makamaka awiri mbali zonse zitsulo carbides ndi nitrides.Kuwonjezera pa makhalidwe abwino a zipangizo ziwiri-dimensional, iwo sangakhoze kusunga ayoni sodium ndi adsorption ndi intercalation, komanso kuphatikiza ndi sodium Kuphatikiza ayoni amapanga capacitance mwa zimachitikira mankhwala kwa yosungirako mphamvu, potero bwino kwambiri mphamvu yosungirako mphamvu.

Chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo komanso zovuta kupeza zinthu zachitsulo, zida za kaboni ndizinthu zazikulu za anode zamabatire a sodium-ion.

Kuwuka kwa zigawo zosinthira zitsulo zosinthika pambuyo popezeka kwa graphene.Pakadali pano, zida zamitundu iwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabatire a sodium-ion makamaka amaphatikiza sodium-based layered NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, etc.

Zida zama electrode za polyanionic zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma electrode a lithiamu-ion batire, ndipo pambuyo pake zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabatire a sodium-ion.Zida zofunikira zoyimira zimaphatikizapo makhiristo a olivine monga NaMnPO4 ndi NaFePO4.

Transition metal phosphate poyambirira idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zabwino zama elekitirodi mumabatire a lithiamu-ion.Kaphatikizidwe kakapangidwe kake kamakhala kokhwima ndipo pali zida zambiri zamakristalo.

Phosphate, monga mawonekedwe amitundu itatu, imamanga dongosolo lomwe limapangitsa kuti pakhale kusakanikirana ndi kusakanikirana kwa ayoni a sodium, kenako amapeza mabatire a sodium-ion omwe ali ndi ntchito yabwino yosungira mphamvu.

Choyimira-chipolopolo chachitsulo ndi mtundu watsopano wa zinthu za anode zamabatire a sodium-ion omwe angotuluka m'zaka zaposachedwa.Kutengera ndi zida zoyambira, nkhaniyi yakwanitsa kukhala yopanda kanthu kudzera m'mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri.

Zida zodziwika bwino za zipolopolo zachipolopolo zimaphatikizapo cobalt selenide nanocubes, Fe-N co-doped core-shell sodium vanadate nanospheres, porous carbon hollow tin oxide nanospheres ndi zina zopanda kanthu.

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake abwino kwambiri, kuphatikiza ndi zamatsenga zamatsenga komanso porous, zochitika zambiri zama electrochemical zimawonekera ku electrolyte, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, zimalimbikitsanso kwambiri kuyenda kwa ion kwa electrolyte kuti akwaniritse kusungirako mphamvu kwamphamvu.

Mphamvu zowonjezereka zapadziko lonse zikupitiriza kukwera, kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha teknoloji yosungirako mphamvu.

Pakalipano, molingana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosungira mphamvu, zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu osungira mphamvu zakuthupi ndi kusungirako mphamvu zamagetsi.

Kusungidwa kwamagetsi amagetsi kumakwaniritsa miyezo yachitukuko chaukadaulo wamakono wosungira mphamvu chifukwa cha zabwino zake zachitetezo chokwera, mtengo wotsika, kugwiritsa ntchito mosinthika, komanso kuchita bwino kwambiri.

Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zama electrochemical reaction, magwero amagetsi osungiramo magetsi amaphatikiza ma supercapacitor, mabatire a lead-acid, mabatire amagetsi amafuta, mabatire a nickel-metal hydride, mabatire a sodium-sulfure, ndi mabatire a lithiamu-ion.

Muukadaulo wosungira mphamvu, zida zosinthika zama elekitirodi zakopa chidwi cha asayansi ambiri chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwawo, kusinthasintha, kutsika mtengo, komanso mawonekedwe oteteza chilengedwe.

Zipangizo za kaboni zimakhala ndi kukhazikika kwapadera kwa thermochemical, kuyendetsa bwino kwamagetsi, mphamvu zambiri, ndi mawonekedwe achilendo amakina, kuwapangitsa kukhala ma elekitirodi odalirika a mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi mabatire a sodium-ion.

Ma Supercapacitor amatha kulipiritsa mwachangu ndikutulutsidwa pansi pamikhalidwe yapamwamba kwambiri, ndikukhala ndi moyo wozungulira nthawi zopitilira 100,000.Ndiwo mtundu watsopano wamagetsi apadera osungira mphamvu zamagetsi pakati pa ma capacitor ndi mabatire.

Ma Supercapacitor ali ndi mawonekedwe a kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu komanso kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kwamphamvu, koma mphamvu zawo ndizochepa, zimakhala zosavuta kuzitulutsa zokha, ndipo zimatha kutulutsa electrolyte zikagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika.

Ngakhale selo yamagetsi yamafuta imakhala ndi mawonekedwe osalipira, mphamvu yayikulu, mphamvu zenizeni zenizeni komanso kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwapadera, kutentha kwake kwapamwamba kwambiri, mtengo wokwera mtengo, komanso kusinthika kwamagetsi otsika kumapangitsa kuti ipezeke pochita malonda.amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu ena.

Mabatire a lead-acid ali ndi zabwino zake zotsika mtengo, ukadaulo wokhwima, komanso chitetezo chambiri, ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri potengera ma siginecha, njinga zamagetsi, magalimoto, ndi kusungirako mphamvu zama grid.Mabodi afupiafupi monga kuwononga chilengedwe sangathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira komanso miyezo ya mabatire osungira mphamvu.

Mabatire a Ni-MH ali ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu zosunthika, mtengo wotsika wa calorific, mphamvu yayikulu ya monomer, ndi mawonekedwe osasunthika otulutsa, koma kulemera kwawo ndikwambiri, ndipo pali zovuta zambiri pakuwongolera batire, zomwe zingayambitse kusungunuka kwa single. olekanitsa batire.