Mphamvu yongowonjezedwanso ndi mphamvu yochokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimadzazitsidwanso pamlingo wapamwamba kuposa momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi mphepo ndi zinthu zomwe zimadzazitsidwanso nthawi zonse. Mphamvu yongowonjezedwanso ndi yambiri ndipo ili paliponse.
Mafuta a zinthu zakale - malasha, mafuta ndi gasi - kumbali ina, ndi zinthu zosasinthika zomwe zimatenga zaka mazana ambiri kuti zipangidwe. Mafuta a zinthu zakale, akatenthedwa kuti apange mphamvu, amayambitsa mpweya woipa wowononga kutentha kwa dziko, monga carbon dioxide.
Kupanga mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kumabweretsa mpweya wochepa kwambiri kuposa kuyatsa mafuta ongowonjezwdwa. Kusintha kuchoka ku mafuta ongowonjezwdwa, omwe pakadali pano ndi omwe amachititsa kuti mpweya ukhale wambiri, kupita ku mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndikofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi vuto la nyengo.
Zipangizo zobwezerezedwanso tsopano ndi zotsika mtengo m'maiko ambiri, ndipo zimapanga ntchito zochulukitsa katatu kuposa mafuta oyeretsera.
Nazi njira zingapo zodziwika bwino zopezera mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa:
MPHAMVU YA DZUWA
Mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphamvu yochuluka kwambiri kuposa mphamvu zonse ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngakhale mu nyengo ya mitambo. Liwiro lomwe mphamvu ya dzuwa imagwidwa ndi Dziko Lapansi ndi lalikulu nthawi 10,000 kuposa liwiro lomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
Ukadaulo wa dzuwa ukhoza kupereka kutentha, kuzizira, kuunikira kwachilengedwe, magetsi, ndi mafuta pazinthu zambiri. Ukadaulo wa dzuwa umasintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi kudzera m'mapanelo a photovoltaic kapena kudzera m'magalasi omwe amasunga kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Ngakhale kuti si mayiko onse omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa yofanana, kuthandizira kwakukulu pakusakaniza mphamvu kuchokera ku mphamvu ya dzuwa mwachindunji n'kotheka ku dziko lililonse.
Mtengo wopanga ma solar panel watsika kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asakhale otsika mtengo komanso nthawi zambiri magetsi otsika mtengo kwambiri. Ma solar panel amakhala ndi moyo wa zaka pafupifupi 30, ndipo amabwera mumitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.
MPHAMVU YA MPWEYA
Mphamvu ya mphepo imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito ma turbine akuluakulu a mphepo omwe ali pamtunda (m'mphepete mwa nyanja) kapena m'nyanja kapena m'madzi abwino (m'mphepete mwa nyanja). Mphamvu ya mphepo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, koma ukadaulo wa mphamvu ya mphepo m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja wasintha m'zaka zingapo zapitazi kuti uwonjezere mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa - ndi ma turbine ataliatali ndi mainchesi akuluakulu a rotor.
Ngakhale kuti liwiro lapakati la mphepo limasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi malo, mphamvu yaukadaulo ya dziko lonse ya mphamvu ya mphepo imaposa kupanga magetsi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mphamvu zambiri zilipo m'madera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi kuti zitheke kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mphepo.
Madera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi liwiro lamphamvu la mphepo, koma malo abwino kwambiri opangira mphamvu za mphepo nthawi zina ndi akutali. Mphamvu za mphepo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimapereka mphamvu zambiri.
MPHAMVU YA DZIKO LONSE
Mphamvu ya kutentha kwa dziko lapansi imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kutentha yomwe imapezeka mkati mwa Dziko Lapansi. Kutentha kumachokera m'malo osungiramo kutentha kwa dziko lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito zitsime kapena njira zina.
Madziwe otentha mokwanira mwachilengedwe komanso olowa madzi amatchedwa ma hydrothermal reservoirs, pomwe madziwa otentha mokwanira koma omwe amakonzedwa ndi hydraulic stimulation amatchedwa enhanced geothermal systems.
Akafika pamwamba, madzi otentha osiyanasiyana angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga magetsi. Ukadaulo wopanga magetsi kuchokera m'malo osungiramo madzi ndi wokhwima komanso wodalirika, ndipo wakhala ukugwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 100.
MPWEYA WA MADZI
Mphamvu yamadzi imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi yomwe imayenda kuchokera pamwamba kupita pansi. Imatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku malo osungiramo madzi ndi mitsinje. Malo osungiramo madzi amadalira madzi osungidwa m'malo osungiramo madzi, pomwe malo osungiramo madzi omwe amayendetsedwa ndi mitsinje amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuchokera ku madzi omwe amapezeka mumtsinje.
Malo osungira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana - kupereka madzi akumwa, madzi othirira, kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kuwongolera chilala, ntchito zoyendera, komanso kupereka mphamvu.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi pakadali pano ndiyo gwero lalikulu la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso m'gawo lamagetsi. Imadalira machitidwe amvula okhazikika, ndipo imatha kukhudzidwa molakwika ndi chilala chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha nyengo kapena kusintha kwa zachilengedwe komwe kumakhudza machitidwe amvula.
Zomangamanga zomwe zimafunika popanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi zingakhudzenso zachilengedwe m'njira zoipa. Pachifukwa ichi, ambiri amaona kuti magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yosamalira chilengedwe, komanso yoyenera makamaka madera omwe ali kutali.
MPHAMVU ZA NYANJA
Mphamvu ya m'nyanja imachokera ku ukadaulo womwe umagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kinetic ndi kutentha kwa madzi a m'nyanja - mwachitsanzo mafunde kapena mafunde - popanga magetsi kapena kutentha.
Machitidwe amphamvu a m'nyanja akadali pachiyambi cha chitukuko, ndipo pali zida zingapo zoyeserera za mafunde ndi mafunde zomwe zikufufuzidwa. Mphamvu ya mphamvu ya m'nyanja imaposa zosowa za anthu pakali pano.
ENERGY YA ZAM'MBUYO
Mphamvu ya zamoyo imapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, zotchedwa biomass, monga nkhuni, makala, ndowe ndi manyowa ena opangira kutentha ndi mphamvu, komanso mbewu zaulimi zopangira mafuta amadzimadzi a biofuel. Biomass yambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumidzi kuphika, kuunikira ndi kutentha malo, makamaka ndi anthu osauka m'maiko osatukuka.
Machitidwe amakono a biomass akuphatikizapo mbewu kapena mitengo yapadera, zotsalira za ulimi ndi nkhalango, ndi mitsinje yosiyanasiyana ya zinyalala zachilengedwe.
Mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwa chifukwa cha kutentha kwa biomass zimatulutsa mpweya woipa wowononga chilengedwe, koma pamlingo wochepa kuposa kutentha mafuta monga malasha, mafuta kapena gasi. Komabe, mphamvu zamagetsi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati pali zinthu zochepa zomwe zingakhudze chilengedwe, chifukwa cha zotsatirapo zoyipa zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nkhalango ndi minda ya bioenergy, komanso kudulidwa kwa mitengo ndi kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-29-2022