Kukwera kwakukulu kwa mitengo ya zinthu zopangira mabatire kuyambira pachiyambi cha 2021 kukuyambitsa mphekesera zokhudza kuwonongeka kwa kufunikira kwa magalimoto kapena kuchedwa, ndipo kwapangitsa kuti anthu azikhulupirira kuti makampani opanga magalimoto akhoza kusintha zomwe amakonda pa magalimoto awo amagetsi.

Phukusi lotsika mtengo kwambiri nthawi zambiri lakhala lithiamu-iron-phosphate, kapenaLFP.Tesla yakhala ikugwiritsa ntchito LFP pamitundu yake yoyambirira yopangidwa ku China kuyambira mu 2021. Opanga magalimoto ena monga Volkswagen ndi Rivian adalengezanso kuti agwiritsa ntchito LFP pamitundu yake yotsika mtengo.

Mabatire a nickel-cobalt-manganese, kapena NCM, ndi njira ina. Amafunika kuchuluka kofanana kwa lithiamu kutiLFP, koma ikuphatikizapo cobalt, yomwe ndi yokwera mtengo ndipo njira yopangira kwake ndi yotsutsana.

Mtengo wa zitsulo za Cobalt wakwera ndi 70% pachaka. Nickel yakhala ikugwedezeka posachedwapa chifukwa cha kukanikiza kwakanthawi kwa LME. Mtengo wa nickel wa miyezi itatu ukugulitsidwa mkati mwa tsiku kuyambira $27,920-$28,580/mt pa Meyi 10.

Pakadali pano, mitengo ya lithiamu yakwera ndi 700% kuyambira pachiyambi cha 2021, zomwe zapangitsa kuti mitengo ya mabatire ikwere kwambiri.
Malinga ndi S&P Global Market Intelligence, mtengo wa zitsulo za mabatire aku China mu Marichi unakwera ndi 580.7% pachaka pa mabatire a LFP pa dola imodzi pa kilogalamu, zomwe zinakwera kufika pafupifupi $36/kwh. Mabatire a NCM anakwera ndi 152.6% panthawi yomweyi kufika pa $73-78/kwh mu February.

"NjirayolifiyamuMtengo wake wakwera m'miyezi 12 yapitayi. Ndi kuchotsera kochepa kuposa momwe mungayembekezere [potsutsana ndi NCM] ndipo mukangoyika zinthu zogwirira ntchito, ndi chisankho chovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe chikanakhalira. Mungafune kupereka zina zogwirira ntchito malinga ndi mtengo wake, koma masiku ano sizotsika mtengo kwenikweni. ” anatero wogulitsa wina wa cobalt hydroxide.

"Panali nkhawa, chifukwa mtengo wa LFP unali wokwera kwambiri pa gawo lomwe likufunira, lomwe ndi mabatire otsika mtengo," adatero gwero la opanga lithiamu.

"Palibe njira zina zodziwikiratu m'malo mwa mabatire okhala ndi nickel yambiri (omwe ali ndi magawo 8 a nickel kapena kuposerapo) m'nthawi yochepa kapena yapakatikati. Kubwerera ku mabatire a NMC okhala ndi nickel yochepa kumabweretsanso nkhawa yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito cobalt, pomwe mabatire a LFP sangafanane mokwanira ndi magwiridwe antchito amtunduwu komanso ali ndi mawonekedwe otsika kutentha poyerekeza ndi mabatire okhala ndi nickel yambiri," Alice Yu, katswiri wamkulu, S&P Global Market Intelligence.

Ngakhale kuti mankhwala omwe amakondedwa kwambiri ku China ndi batri ya LFP, nthawi zambiri amaganiza kuti NCM idzachita gawo lalikulu m'misika ya EU - komwe ogula amakonda magalimoto omwe amawatengera kudutsa dzikolo kapena kudutsa kontinenti pamitengo yochepa kwambiri.

"Poganizira za kupanga mafakitale a batri, tiyenera kuyang'ana kusinthasintha. Pakadali pano pali kusiyana kwa mitengo pakati pa LFP ndi NCM. Ngati LFP ikhala yotsika mtengo kwambiri, mwina tikhoza kuika patsogolo kupanga, koma pakadali pano tiyenera kupanga NCM chifukwa ndi chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri," anatero kampani yopanga magalimoto.

Kampani ina ya magalimoto inabwerezanso ndemanga imeneyo, "Mabatire a LFP adzakhalapo pamagalimoto oyambira, koma osati ogwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto apamwamba".

Cholepheretsa

Kuchuluka kwa lithiamu kudakali vuto lalikulu pamsika wamagetsi ndipo chinthu chomwe chingalepheretse kampani iliyonse kusintha mosavuta kupita ku LFP.

Kafukufuku wochokera ku S&P Global Commodity Insights akuwonetsa kuti ngati migodi yonse ya lithiamu yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ifika pa intaneti munthawi yomwe ikuyembekezeredwa, ndi zofunikira zoyenera za zida za batri, padzakhalabe kusowa kwa 220,000 mt pofika chaka cha 2030, poganiza kuti kufunikira kudzafika 2 miliyoni mt kumapeto kwa zaka khumi.

Ambiri mwa opanga lithiamu akumadzulo ali ndi gawo lalikulu la zomwe amapanga zomwe zasungidwa pansi pa mapangano a nthawi yayitali, ndipo osinthira aku China akhala otanganidwa ndi zofunikira zonse za mapangano a nthawi yeniyeni komanso a nthawi yayitali.

"Pali zopempha zingapo [zokha], koma pakadali pano tilibe zinthu zilizonse," adatero gwero la opanga lithiamu. "Tili ndi kuchuluka kokha komwe kulipo ngati kasitomala ali ndi vuto linalake, kapena aletsa kutumiza pazifukwa zina, apo ayi zonse zimasungidwa," adatero.

Kuchuluka kwa nkhawa yokhudza lithiamu, ndi zitsulo zina za batri, zomwe zimakhala chinthu cholepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi a EV kwapangitsa opanga magalimoto kuti azichita nawo kwambiri mbali yamakampani.

Kampani ya General Motors ipereka ndalama zothandizira pa ntchito yokonza pulojekiti ya lithiamu ya Controlled Thermal Resources ku Hell's Kitchen ku California. Stellantis, Volkswagen ndi Renault adagwirizana ndi Vulcan Resources kuti apeze zinthu kuchokera ku pulojekiti ya Zero Carbon ku Germany.

Njira ina ya sodium-ion

Popeza pali kusowa kwa lithiamu, cobalt ndi nickel komwe kukuyembekezeka, makampani opanga mabatire akhala akufufuza njira zina. Mabatire a sodium-ion amaonedwa ngati imodzi mwa njira zabwino kwambiri.

Sodium-ion nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito kaboni mu anode ndi zinthu zochokera ku gulu lotchedwa Prussian Blue mu cathode. Pali "mndandanda wa zitsulo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa Prussian Blue, ndipo zimasiyana malinga ndi kampani," malinga ndi Venkat Srinivasan, mkulu wa Argonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science (ACCESS) yomwe ili ku US.

Ubwino waukulu wa sodium-ion ndi mtengo wake wotsika wopanga, magwero adatero. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa sodium padziko lapansi, mabatire awa amatha kuwononga pafupifupi 3%-50% poyerekeza ndi mabatire a lithiamu-ion. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kumafanana ndi LFP.

Ukadaulo wamakono wa Amperex Technology (CATL), womwe ndi umodzi mwa makampani opanga mabatire akuluakulu ku China, chaka chatha unavumbulutsa batire yake yoyamba ya sodium-ion, pamodzi ndi yankho lake la AB batire pack, lomwe linasonyeza kuti limatha kuphatikiza maselo a sodium-ion ndi maselo a lithiamu-ion mu paketi imodzi. Njira yopangira ndi zida za batire ya sodium-ion imagwirizana ndi batire ya lithiamu-ion yomwe ilipo pano, CATL inatero.

Koma sodium-ion isanafike pamlingo waukulu wamalonda, nkhawa zina ziyenera kuthetsedwa.

Pali kusintha kwina komwe kukufunika kuchitika pa mbali za electrolyte ndi anode.

Poyerekeza ndi batire yochokera ku LFP, sodium-ion imakhala yolimba ikatulutsidwa, koma yofooka ikachajidwa.

Cholepheretsa chachikulu ndichakuti izi zidakalipo nthawi yochepa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pamlingo wamalonda.

Mofananamo, mabiliyoni ambiri a madola ayikidwa mu unyolo wopereka zinthu wa lithiamu-ion kutengera mankhwala olemera a lithiamu ndi nickel.

"Tikayang'ana kwambiri sodium-ion koma choyamba tiyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pa ukadaulo womwe ulipo kale komanso womwe ukubweretsa fakitale pa intaneti," adatero wopanga mabatire wina.